The science of electromagnetic phenomena is defined in terms of the electromagnetic force which includes both electricity and magnetism as elements of one phenomenon.
Ordinary matter takes its form as a result of intermolecular forces between individual molecules in matter. Electrons are bound by electromagnetic wave mechanics into orbitals around atomic nuclei to form atoms, which are the building blocks of molecules. This governs the processes involved in chemistry, which arise from interactions between the electrons of neighboring atoms, which are in turn determined by the interaction between electromagnetic force and the momentum of the electrons.
The purpose of this study is to define the true reason of Electromagnetic Force by creating a new model named as "New Atomic Model" which could explain why the Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation fails to explain the micro scale universe (also known as sub atomic universe) by using the data obtained from the "New Gravity Model".
During this study, the history of research on electromagnetic force is presented in chronological order covering :
There are numerous mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field. In classical electrodynamics, electric fields are described as electric potential and electric current in Ohm's law, magnetic fields are associated with electromagnetic induction and magnetism.
Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each other and by charges and currents.
The theoretical implications of electromagnetism, in particular the establishment of the speed of light based on properties of the "medium" of propagation (permeability and permittivity), led to the development of special relativity by Albert Einstein in 1905.
In another paper Albert Einstein undermined the very foundations of classical electromagnetism. In his theory of the photoelectric effect (for which he won the Nobel prize in physics) and inspired by the idea of Max Planck's "quanta", he posited that light could exist in discrete particle-like quantities as well, which later came to be known as photons. Einstein's theory of the photoelectric effect extended the insights that appeared in the solution of the ultraviolet catastrophe presented by Max Planck in 1900. In his work, Planck showed that hot objects emit electromagnetic radiation in discrete packets ("quanta"), which leads to a finite total energy emitted as black body radiation. Both of these results were in direct contradiction with the classical view of light as a continuous wave. Planck's and Einstein's theories were progenitors of quantum mechanics, which, when formulated in 1925, necessitated the invention of a quantum theory of electromagnetism.
According to Einstein, curvature of spacetime and/or high speed of the charged particle has no effect on the charge itself.
Although electromagnetism is considered one of the four fundamental forces, at high energy the weak force and electromagnetism are unified.
In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved. QED mathematically describes all phenomena involving electrically charged particles interacting by means of exchange of photons and represents the quantum counterpart of classical electromagnetism giving a complete account of matter and light interaction. In technical terms, QED can be described as a perturbation theory of the electromagnetic quantum vacuum.
In the history of the universe, during the quark epoch (creation of universe and physical laws), the electroweak force split into the electromagnetic and weak forces.
Table below summarizes the results of the study on existing models of electromagnetism.
| Electromagnetic Force | Electromagnetism | Results | Conclusion |
| Classical Physics | Covered | Partially correct | Update required |
|---|---|---|---|
| Relativistic Physics | Covered | Partially correct | Update required |
| Quantum Physics | Covered | False | Reject |
Please click below for justification.
Please click below for details on research results.
In search for a Unification Theory (also known as Theory of Everything), the merging of Classical Physics, General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics (or Quantum Field Theory) into a more general theory of Quantum Gravity has become an area of active research.
In order to unify all branches of physics a "New Atom Model" has been developed which explains the following :
| New Atom Model | Status | Result | Conclusion |
| What is electromagnetism ? | Reviewed | Explained | New Atom Model |
|---|---|---|---|
| What is an electromagnetic field ? | Reviewed | Explained | New Atom Model |
| Why does General Theory of Relativity fail to explain the electromagnetic behaviour of atoms ? | Reviewed | Explained | New Atom Model |
| Why does Quantum Mechanics fail to explain gravity ? | Reviewed | Explained | New Atom Model |
| What is the relation between electromagnetism-matter-dark matter-dark energy ? | Reviewed | Explained | New Atom Model |
| How should an electromagnetic field be modeled so that it can open door to Unification Theory ? | Reviewed | Explained | New Atom Model |
Please click below for justification.